cuban cartoon
Concept: Set of vignettes, organized in a structured narrative sequence
Cartoon. It is a set of vignettes, organized in a structured narrative sequence; or also, an expressive medium belonging to the family of media born from the integration of iconic language and literary language, as defined Román Gubern in his book comic language.
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The Cuban Cartoon before 1959
En la primera mitad del siglo XX en Cuba la comic suffered the same fate as in other Latin American and European countries: the low prices at which the strips produced and published in North America _cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b were offered -136bad5cf58d_and that they had already covered their expenses prevented any possibility of emergence and development of a national production. Despite this, with the sacrifice of the authors, some brief spaces were opened that settled on the lines from costumbrismo to political satire.
Before the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution changed the rules of the game, among a majority of North American strips and pages, we thus found some samples where excellent cartoonists stand out as Ricardo de la Torriente _cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_and, later, Conrado Walter Massaguer , Hurtado de Mendoza , Salcines, Arroyo,_cc781905-5cde-3194-bbd5 Eduardo Abela ,_cc781905-5cde-3194-bbd5-8 etc. in the pages of magazines and newspapers such as Avance , El País , Hoy and its supplements.
The high rates of environmental humidity, the poor quality of the paper used by the press, the frequent flooding of vast areas of the capital, the congestion of La Habana y by Therefore, the difficulty for most of having spaces to keep books and newspapers, the substantial absence during the years up to 1995 of a use market and the consequent non-existence in any form of collecting, they are among the main factors responsible for its lack of documentation.
Establishment in Cuba of the Cartoon
The Cuban cartoon or comic began as a form of political expression as a result of the
Cartoon Zunzún American intervention en Cuba , when a great influence of North American culture was suffered in the daily life of Cubans. This is how the famous comics arrived: these comics were published in the various newspapers of the time, such as en El Diario de la Marina , El País _cc781905-5cde -3194-bb3b-136bad5cf58d_y El Mundo , among others. In total, more than 400 comic characters circulated in the country, which resulted in the development of a taste for this genre in the population and the subsequent emergence of
Cartoon in the neocolonial period
El Curioso Cubano, de Heriberto Porter Vilá , was published in 1927 becoming one of the first Cuban publications.
Later, in the Newspaper Hoy , at that time the official organ of the Popular Socialist Party, several comics were published as Espartaco , drawn by_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b- 136bad5cf58bad5cf58d_ Espartaco Benítez Gimeno , The life of Julio Antonio Mella of Horacio Rodríguez y Peluza y Pimienta, de_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b_-136bad5cf58d Horacio Mucioz5cf58d.
Among the different newspapers that published them, the most outstanding was Information, for having a greater number of pages dedicated to these purposes and being the most regular in its publications. Some of the comics published in this newspaper were:
• "The History of World War II ", by Plácido Fuentes;
• "Cascaritas and Mango Macho", de Horacio Rodríguez ;
• "José Dolores", de Rafael Fornés Collado .
All of them had popular characters and great humor, reflecting the idiosyncrasy of the average Cuban.
The comics were considered a way of reflecting the poverty and suffering of Cuban society due to the abuses of the rulers of the day, a way in which their creators collaborated with the clandestine struggle that existed in the country to overthrow those governments.
Examples of the former are the comics of Pucho and Luis and their friends, made especially for the clandestine magazine "Mella" by their authors Virgilio Martínez and Marcos Behemaras. Another case is that of Julito 26 and Juan Casquito, drawn for "El Cubano Libre" by Antiago Armada . This newspaper was published in la Sierra Maestra , center of the insurrectionary struggle of the rebel army of Fidel Castro .
comics theme
The first themes were historical and educational, such as Cucho o Supertiñosa, de Virgilio Martínez . Soon those related to science fiction began, following the example of the Spanish, French, Italians or Argentines.
In the periodicals (Pionero, Cómicas, El Muñe) topics on adventures, humor or history alternated with science fiction.
Format
At first the comics were short, 6 or 7 pages, like Summer Night, by Zoia Sandor and Alfredo Mantilla. With Virgilio Martínez, the Fantásticos magazine began to be published, in which long scripts appeared.
In the 1990s, the scarcity of paper limited the continuation of magazines.
Before the year 1959 , those who now comb gray hair in Cuba , devoured the adventures of a good number of fantastic comic book heroes, almost all from North American creators, among those that can be cited: Hogarth's Tarzan, based on the work of Burroughs; Ham Fischer's Joe Palooka; Terry Lee, drawn by Milton Caniff; Flash Gordon, dreamed up by Alex Raymond; Batman and Robin and a whole long list of superheroes and superheroines more. But of all these "idols", the one who most brilliantly spread the conceptions of the American way of life in the country was the famous Superman, invented in 1938 por writer Siegel and artist Shuster, commissioned by editor Liebowitz for Action Comics Magazine.
All of them contributed to a large extent to laying the foundations for the love of comics in the largest of the Antilles. But it was not until after 1959 , that Cubans had their own fantastic characters in this genre. Although long before, several creators of the patio regularly published their Creole heroes in comics generally dedicated to historical, political, satirical, or humorous content, in various national publications.
In the 90s, due to the economic crisis, the Cuban cartoon lost its space. However, cartoonists and writers continued to create and carry out actions in order to make their work known. The strips of Editorial Pablo emerged. They were comics published with the scraps left over from the bohemian magazine, that was a very creative way to perpetuate the comics and at the same time to give utility to the paper that would otherwise become garbage. With the polygraphic revival in the year 2000, many publishers have started to put out comic books and graphic novels. Ejemplos de estas son: José Martí, ese soy yo del autor Francisco Blanco hijo, Agord de angel hernandez, Al encuentro del mayor sobre la vida de Agramonete con guión y dibujos de Angel Velasco, Memorias de un Descamisado_cc781905-5cde-3194 -bb3b-136bad5cf58d_de Maikel García, San Martín de Jesús Rodriguez, among many other titles. This new book format allows the author to tell a complete story in 30 or 46 pages. However, it is still not enough since other authors prefer shorter stories or continuity, which is why it is necessary to create a periodic magazine like the missing ones: Comicos, Pablo, Muñe or Mi Barrio. The latter was a magazine edited by the CDR in the middle of the special period and the Cuban family liked it very much.
Examples of science fiction comics
In the Fantasy and Science Fiction genres, the most liked characters in the country after the year 1959 were:
Alona, with scripts and designs by the incomparable Rafael Morante, currently the Special Design Award del 2001 , and who clearly transcended in 1986 _cc781905-5cde-bb-3194 -136bad5cf58d_the graphic imagery of his time. A true sample of a superior visual culture, these comics were essentially dedicated to the adolescent public, although they were undoubtedly enjoyed much more by adults, due to the peculiar style of their drawings and the depth of the themes that these arguments usually dealt with. It is also very curious the case of a heroine with this category of advanced and intelligent woman, at a time when macho conceptions were still deeply rooted in society. Alona was one of the characters in the defunct comic magazine, Cómicas, from Editorial Pablo de la Torriente .
Matías Pérez , one of the most popular science fiction heroes in comics
Matías Pérez Cubana, who was recreated by Luis Lorenzo Sosa , based on the real character of the same name. A merchant of Portuguese origin established in Havana , known as the king of the toldistas, because of his activity in that commercial sector. The real life story tells, that he made his own hot air balloon and in the month of June de 1856 he made his first public ascent, descending without incident in the outskirts from the city. On the 28th of that same month, he returned to the clouds in his balloon "La Villa de París", rose until it became a tiny point suspended in space, to disappear before the eyes of thousands of spectators who waited in vain. her return. The island's authorities carried out extensive searches by sea and land without obtaining results. The entire country was dismayed by the disappearance of this pioneer of the conquest of the air. Thus it remained forever in the memory of the population, which still maintains the legendary phrase. “It flew like Matías Pérez !”
In the version of Luis Lorenzo in his children's comic, from the magazine Pionero , the aeronaut had a close encounter of the third type, from which he fraternized with various extraterrestrial characters; traveling to other planets, in his fight for truth and justice; holding chases and cosmic battles, in his ship that is very reminiscent of a hot air balloon; as well as time travel to su Colonial Havana , where hilarious encounters and adventures take place. Matías Pérez was also one of the heroes of the comic magazine Zunzún , from Editorial Abril.
Yakro, the lizard man. Coming from a civilization of great technological and social advancement, in a distant nebula, whose damaged ship falls on the planet Earth , in the Neolithic era, and must temporize with the earthlings in their earliest phase development. Yakro was a creation of Orestes Suárez Lemus and he began his life in the year 1990_of comics, in the magazine Pablo had a biannual output, it was dedicated to adults and had its first appearance as an organ of the Latin American Association of Cartoonists.
Tatácora was a descendant of the Atlanteans who landed on the peninsula of Yucatán_cc781905-5cde-3194-bb3b- 136bad5cf58d_ .
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Tatácora Mounted on his fabulous three-cornered hat, he fights against the fearsome Caribs, against evil and wickedness, remembering with nostalgia Tedeu and Gucumats, deities who created life and man, who always appear in his Aboriginal imagination, such as a curiously dressed human couple (dressed in space suits). It was created from the illustration to the scripts, by Luis Lorenzo , in the magazine Comics for the year 1989 .
The momis, two small extraterrestrials that enter the Earth, coming from un
The Momis planet where everything is magenta. Here they develop searches and are entangled in brief adventures. The Momis were geared more towards didacticism for young children, using CF, than towards the genre itself. With script and illustrations by Juan Bertrán . Published in Comics and in Dolls year 1988 al 1989 .
Yeyín, con guión e ilustración de Ernesto Padrón desde el 1987 en la revista infantil Zunzún , from Editorial Abril, also uses CF as a background to educate a
Yeyinlos little readers and is possibly the only one of these characters who remained alive until very recently.
The first animated series with this character is in the production stage at the Animation Studios del Institute of Cinematographic Art and Industry , with its creator as scriptwriter.